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- EMACS User Commands EMACS
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- NNAAMMEE
- emacs - GNU project Emacs
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- SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
- eemmaaccss [file ...]
-
- DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
- _G_N_U _E_m_a_c_s is a new version of _E_m_a_c_s, written by the author
- of the original (PDP-10) _E_m_a_c_s, Richard Stallman. Its user
- functionality encompasses everything other _E_m_a_c_s editors do,
- and it is easily extensible since its editing commands are
- written in Lisp.
-
- _E_m_a_c_s has an extensive interactive help facility, but the
- facility assumes that you know how to manipulate _E_m_a_c_s win-
- dows and buffers. CTRL-h (backspace or CTRL-h) enters the
- Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) requests an
- interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamen-
- tals of _E_m_a_c_s in a few minutes. Help Apropos (CTRL-h a)
- helps you find a command given its functionality, Help Char-
- acter (CTRL-h c) describes a given character's effect, and
- Help Function (CTRL-h f) describes a given Lisp function
- specified by name.
-
- _E_m_a_c_s'_s Undo can undo several steps of modification to your
- buffers, so it is easy to recover from editing mistakes.
-
- _G_N_U _E_m_a_c_s'_s many special packages handle mail reading
- (RMail) and sending (Mail), outline editing (Outline), com-
- piling (Compile), running subshells within _E_m_a_c_s windows
- (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop (Lisp-
- Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor).
-
- There is an extensive reference manual, but users of other
- Emacses should have little trouble adapting even without a
- copy. Users new to _E_m_a_c_s will be able to use basic features
- fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and using the self-
- documentation features.
-
- Emacs Options
-
- The following options are of general interest:
-
- ffiillee Edit _f_i_l_e.
-
- ++nnuummbbeerr Go to the line specified by _n_u_m_b_e_r (do not insert a
- space between the "+" sign and the number).
-
- --dd ddiissppllaayynnaammee
- Create the _E_m_a_c_s window on the display specified by
- _d_i_s_p_l_a_y_n_a_m_e. This must be the first argument listed
- in the command line.
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- --qq Do not load an init file.
-
- --uu uusseerr Load _u_s_e_r'_s init file.
-
- --tt ffiillee Use specified _f_i_l_e as the terminal instead of using
- stdin/stdout. This must be the first argument
- specified in the command line.
-
- The following options are lisp-oriented (these options are
- processed in the order encountered):
-
- --ff ffuunnccttiioonn
- Execute the lisp function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n.
-
- --ll ffiillee Load the lisp code in the file _f_i_l_e.
-
- The following options are useful when running _E_m_a_c_s as a
- batch editor:
-
- --bbaattcchh ccoommmmaannddffiillee
- Edit in batch mode using the commands found in _c_o_m_-
- _m_a_n_d_f_i_l_e. The editor will send messages to stdout.
- This option must be the first in the argument list.
-
- --kkiillll Exit _E_m_a_c_s while in batch mode.
-
- _U_s_i_n_g _E_m_a_c_s _w_i_t_h _X
-
- _E_m_a_c_s has been tailored to work well with the X window sys-
- tem. To enable this feature, you must define the macro
- HHAAVVEE__XX__WWIINNDDOOWWSS in the file _s_r_c/_c_o_n_f_i_g._h before compiling
- _E_m_a_c_s. If you run _E_m_a_c_s from under X windows, it will create
- its own X window to display in. You will probably want to
- start the editor as a background process so that you can
- continue using your original window. To use the optional X
- Menu features, define also the macro HHAAVVEE__XX__MMEENNUU.. This macro
- is separate from HHAAVVEE__XX__WWIINNDDOOWWSS because the Menu facility of
- X does not work on all the systems that support X. _E_m_a_c_s
- can be started with the following X switches:
-
- --rr Display the _E_m_a_c_s window in inverse video.
-
- --ii Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying
- the _E_m_a_c_s window.
-
- --ffoonntt ffoonntt
- Set the _E_m_a_c_s window's font to that specified by
- _f_o_n_t. You will find the various _X fonts in the
- /_u_s_r/_n_e_w/_l_i_b/_X/_f_o_n_t directory. Note that _E_m_a_c_s will
- only accept fixed width fonts. These include the
- _6_x_1_0._o_n_x, _6_x_1_3._o_n_x, _6_x_1_3_p._o_n_x, _8_x_1_3._o_n_x, and
- _9_x_1_5._o_n_x fonts. The other fixed width fonts are
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- specified by the _f_x character sequence that comes
- before the ._o_n_x extension.
-
- When you specify a font, do not include the ._o_n_x
- extension. Be sure to put a space between the -_f_o_n_t
- switch and the font specification argument.
-
- --bb ppiixxeellss
- Set the _E_m_a_c_s window's border width to the number of
- pixels specified by _p_i_x_e_l_s.
-
- --iibb ppiixxeellss
- Set the window's internal border width to the number
- of pixels specified by _p_i_x_e_l_s. Defaults to one pixel
- of padding on each side of the window.
-
- --ww ==[[WWIIDDTTHH]][[xxHHEEIIGGHHTT]][[{{++--}}XXOOFFFF[[{{++--}}YYOOFFFF]]]]
- Set the _E_m_a_c_s window's width, height, and position
- on the screen. The []'s denote optional arguments,
- the {}'s surround alternatives. WIDTH and HEIGHT
- are in number of characters, XOFF and YOFF are in
- pixels. WIDTH defaults to 80, HEIGHT to 24, XOFF
- and YOFF to 1. If you don't give XOFF and/or YOFF,
- then you must use the mouse to create the window.
- If you give XOFF and/or YOFF, then a WIDTHxHEIGHT
- window will automatically be creating without inter-
- vention. XOFF and YOFF specify deltas from a corner
- of the screen to the corresponding corner of the
- window, as follows:
-
- +XOFF+YOFF upper left to upper left
- -XOFF+YOFF upper right to upper right
- +XOFF-YOFF lower left to lower left
- -XOFF-YOFF lower right to lower right
-
- --ffgg ccoolloorr
- On color displays, sets the color of the text.
-
- --bbgg ccoolloorr
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- background. See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a
- list of valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
-
- --bbdd ccoolloorr
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- border.See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a list of
- valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
-
- --ccrr ccoolloorr
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- text cursor. See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a
- list of valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
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- --mmss ccoolloorr
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- mouse cursor. See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a
- list of valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
-
- --dd ddiissppllaayynnaammee
- Create the _E_m_a_c_s window on the display specified by
- _d_i_s_p_l_a_y_n_a_m_e. Must be the first option specified in
- the command line. --nnww Tells _E_m_a_c_s not to use its
- special interface to X. If you use this switch when
- invoking _E_m_a_c_s from an _x_t_e_r_m window, display is done
- in the _x_t_e_r_m window. This must be the first option
- specified in the command line.
-
- You can set _X default values for your _E_m_a_c_s windows in your
- ._X_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s file. Use the following format:
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- emacs.keyword:value
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- where _v_a_l_u_e specifies the default value of _k_e_y_w_o_r_d. _E_m_a_c_s
- lets you set default values for the following keywords:
-
- BBooddyyFFoonntt
- Sets the window's text font.
-
- RReevveerrsseeVViiddeeoo
- If _R_e_v_e_r_s_e_V_i_d_e_o'_s value is set to _o_n, the window
- will be displayed in inverse video.
-
- BBiittMMaappIIccoonn
- If _B_i_t_M_a_p_I_c_o_n'_s value is set to _o_n, the window will
- iconify into the "kitchen sink."
-
- BBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh
- Sets the window's border width in pixels.
-
- FFoorreeggrroouunndd
- For color displays, sets the window's text color.
- See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a list of valid
- _c_o_l_o_r names.
-
- BBaacckkggrroouunndd
- For color displays, sets the window's background
- color. See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a list of
- valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
-
- BBoorrddeerr For color displays, sets the color of the window's
- border. See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a list of
- valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
-
- CCuurrssoorr For color displays, sets the color of the window's
- text cursor. See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a
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- list of valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
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- MMoouussee For color displays, sets the color of the window's
- mouse cursor. See the file /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_r_g_b._t_x_t for a
- list of valid _c_o_l_o_r names.
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- If you try to set color values while using a black and white
- display, the window's characteristics will default as fol-
- lows: the foreground color will be set to black, the back-
- ground color will be set to white, the border color will be
- set to grey, and the text and mouse cursors will be set to
- black.
-
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- _U_s_i_n_g _t_h_e _M_o_u_s_e
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- The following lists the key bindings for the mouse cursor
- when used in an _E_m_a_c_s window.
-
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- MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION
- left set mark
- middle set cursor
- right select (Emacs) window
- SHIFT-middle put text into X cut buffer (cut text)
- SHIFT-right paste text
- CTRL-middle cut text and kill it
- CTRL-right select this window, then split it into
- two windows
- CTRL-SHIFT-left X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys
- down, wait for menu to appear, select
- buffer, and release. Move mouse out of
- menu and release to cancel.
- CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for
- Emacs help.
- CTRL-SHIFT-right Select window with mouse, and delete all
- other windows. Same as typing
- CTRL-x 1.
-
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- MMAANNUUAALLSS
- You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual for
- $15.00/copy postpaid from the Free Software Foundation,
- which develops GNU software (contact them for quantity
- prices on the manual). Their address is:
- Free Software Foundation
- 675 Mass Ave.
- Cambridge, MA 02139
- Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies avail-
- able. As with all software and publications from FSF,
- everyone is permitted to make and distribute copies of the
- Emacs manual. The TeX source to the manual is also included
-
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- in the Emacs source distribution.
-
- FFIILLEESS
- /usr/local/emacs/src - C source files and object files
-
- /usr/local/emacs/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files
- that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; oth-
- ers are autoloaded from this directory when used.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/man - sources for the Emacs reference
- manual.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/etc - various programs that are used with
- GNU Emacs, and some files of information.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation
- strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions
- of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of
- Emacs proper.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/DIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. Twenex
- Emacs;
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/CCADIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. CCA
- Emacs;
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/GOSDIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. Gosling
- Emacs.
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/SERVICE lists people offering various
- services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education,
- troubleshooting, porting and customization.
- These files also have information useful to anyone wishing
- to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language,
- which has not yet been fully documented.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/info - files for the Info documentation
- browser (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not
- much of Unix is documented here, but the complete text of
- the Emacs reference manual is included in a convenient tree
- structured form.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for
- all files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous
- modification of one file by two users.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/cpp - the GNU cpp, needed for building
- Emacs on certain versions of Unix where the standard cpp
- cannot handle long names for macros.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/shortnames - facilities for translating
- long names to short names in C code, needed for building
- Emacs on certain versions of Unix where the C compiler can-
- not handle long names for functions or variables.
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- BBUUGGSS
- There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on
- the internet (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on
- UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs bugs and fixes. But before
- reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that it
- really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate
- feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs
- Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system)
- for hints on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the
- version number of the Emacs you are running in _e_v_e_r_y bug
- report that you send in.
-
- Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The pur-
- pose of reporting bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in
- the next release, if possible. For personal assistance,
- look in the SERVICE file (see above) for a list of people
- who offer it.
-
- Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing
- list. Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the
- special list info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the
- corresponding UUCP address). For more information about
- Emacs mailing lists, see the file
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be
- fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to
- report them in such a way that they can be easily repro-
- duced.
-
- Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with pro-
- grams running in Raw mode on some Unix versions.
-
- UUNNRREESSTTRRIICCTTIIOONNSS
- _E_m_a_c_s is free; anyone may redistribute copies of _E_m_a_c_s to
- anyone under the terms stated in the _E_m_a_c_s General Public
- License, a copy of which accompanies each copy of _E_m_a_c_s and
- which also appears in the reference manual.
-
- Copies of _E_m_a_c_s may sometimes be received packaged with dis-
- tributions of Unix systems, but it is never included in the
- scope of any license covering those systems. Such inclusion
- violates the terms on which distribution is permitted. In
- fact, the primary purpose of the General Public License is
- to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions to
- redistribution of _E_m_a_c_s.
-
- Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend _E_m_a_c_s,
- and urges that you contribute your extensions to the GNU
- library. Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete
- replacement for Berkeley Unix. Everyone will be able to use
- the GNU system for free.
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- AAUUTTHHOORRSS
- _E_m_a_c_s was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software
- Foundation. Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X
- features.
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